Sources of finance for Industry in Italy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2914 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Industries in Italy are very much developed and modernized. These are also one of the main sources for the GDP of Italy. Also they provide the highest employment opportunities. The main sources of finance for the industry are the subsidized loans, medium term loans. These loans are provided by the govt. as well as the different banks at variable and fixed rates. Evolution of Banking in Italy The first  banks  were probably the religious  temples  of the ancient world, and were probably established in the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as  gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Ancient Rome  perfected the administrative aspect of banking and saw greater regulation of financial institutions and financial practices. Charging interest on loans and paying interest on deposits became more highly developed and competitive. The development of Roman banks was limited, however, by the Roman preference for cash transactions. During the reign of the Roman emperor Gallienus (260-268 AD), there was a temporary breakdown of the Roman banking system after the banks rejected the flakes of copper produced by his mints. After the fall of Rome, banking wa s abandoned in Western Europe and did not revive until the time of the crusades. Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like  Florence, Venice  and Genoa. The  Bardi  and  Peruzzi  families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was the  Medici  Bank, set up by  Giovanni Medici  in 1397. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sources of finance for Industry in Italy" essay for you Create order For the history of the Bank of Italy we can conclude the following points: The Bank of Italy was constituted in 1893. Was given the authority of note issue. In 1926 the essentially public position of the bank was accorded significant recognition, as it becomes the only/sole institution authorized to issue bank notes. The Bank of Italy was given powers of banking supervision that would be broadened and strengthened by the 1936 Banking Law, which also formally recognized the Banks status as a public law institution. The 1936 Banking Law was remained the legislation of the Bank. A difficult time in the Italian banking history was the stabilization of the lira in 1947. The postwar surge of inflation was broken and the monetary conditions for the economic miracle of the 1950s were established. The Constitution of 1948 came with the principle of the protection of savings.1970s to the international monetary system and the lira, Italian the independency of the Central Bank was polished. The re-establishment of the stability of the currency and the start made on the adjustment of the public finances enabled Italy to comply with the standards set by the Treaty of Maastricht (1992) and qualify for the lead group of countries adopting the euro as their currency in 1999. Euro banknotes and coins went into circulation in 2002. Categories Activities of Banks in Italy The Banking sector in Italy is undergoing a period of reform. Italy has localized the banking system traditionally. The small popular banks occupy 40% of the total banking market in Italy. The government is now encouraging small banks to amalgamate and create larger and more modern banking institutions. An example of this step is the amalgamation of two banks Banca Intesa and Sanpaolo and became the Europes largest 4th bank in August, 2006. The different types of banks which are working in Italy are as under: Ordinary Commercial/Credit Banks Co-Operative Banks Co-Operative credit Banks Ordinary Commercial Banks: These are the typical commercial banks. These banks work by receiving deposits and advancing loans and the difference in the interest rates makes the profit of the bank. CO-Operative Banks: The Co-operative banks are established to provide loans on lower interests to their customers. These banks specially provide loans for house building or home loans. These banks are provincial based. Co-operative banks are also supervised by the Bank of Italy. Co-Operative Credit Banks: The co-operative credit banks are owned and funded by the farmers themselves. These are the saving banks formed by the farmers in rural areas. The size of the deposits is very less as the farmers are not so rich but in terms of banks, these banks are the largest reaching to 500 banks in Italy. But as the deposits are tiny and small their share in the total deposits is very minor. Banca dItalia: This is the 4th type of bank found in Italy. It is the Central Bank of the Country having the authority of note issue. It is owned by the Public sector banks. Post Offices Banks: Post office banks are the saving banks for the residents (nationals) and foreign residents. Although, Non-residents arent permitted to open post office account. Other Activities: The Italian banks are now competing by engaging in new activities other than the above activities. Following are some new activities taken out by the banks: Merchant Banking Leasing Factoring Management and Investments Portfolios Payment Services and Information Technology Banks Operating in Italy There are a large number of banks operating in Italy. Most of these banks are small scale based (co-operative credit banks) but the amount of deposits is less as low income farmers are the owners and the customers of theses banks. Below mentioned are the top 10 banks of Italy which are arranged according to their investment or Market Capitalization: Unicredit Capitalia (81.39 billion euros) Intesa Sanpaolo (69.2 billion euros) Mediobanca (12.38 billion euros) Ubi Banca (11.5 billion euros) Banco Popolare (11.34 billion euros) B Monte Paschi Siena (11.32 billion euros) B Carifirenze (5.3 billion euros) Banca Pop Milano (4.3 billion euros) Banca Carige (3.9 billion euros) Crdito Emiliano (2.8 billion euros) The total asset value of the entire Italian Banking Market is approx. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billlion. This maeks Italy the largest 4th market in Europe. If we talk about the overall assets contribution of Italy in Europe it is 8%. An estimated 43% expansion in the total asset value of Italian banking was found. Analysis of the Assets of Top 5 Banks in Italy Here we have analyzed the assets of top five banks of Italy in Comparison to their total assets. Unicredit Captalia: Total Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 136 billion Banking System Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billion Share in Percentage 5.3125% Intesa Saonpaolo: Total Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬256,647,858 Total Banking Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billion Share in Percentage 1.0025% Banco popolare: Total Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 137,705,537(according to 2007) Total banking Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billion Share in Percentage 0.5379% Ubi Banca: Total Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 122 billion Total banking Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billion Share in Percentage 4.7656% MedioBanca: Total Assets Total Banking Assets ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2,560 billion Share in Percentage Activities performed by the Different banks in Italy ABI Associazione Bancaria Italiana: ABI (Italian banks association) promotes an ordered stable and efficient growth of the financial and banking system, agreeing to both national and European competitive normative law. Banca Credito Italiano Unicredit Group: Unicredito italiano stands out for its multibusiness structure: a network of financial advisors, in-store branches, telephone banking and on-line trading offered by the various group banks. Banca dItalia: The functions of Banca dItalia are currency issue; banking and financial supervision; market oversight; safeguarding competition in the credit market; economic and institution analysis, research and study; and, jointly with the European central bank, oversight over payment systems. Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena: It is one of the most important banks in Italy and it operates mostly in traditional banking activity, special credit, asset management, bancassurance and investment banking Banca Nazionale Del lavoro BNP Paribas: BNL is specialized in financial services, remote banking, online banking (e-family) and operates through an international network of branches. Banca Popolare Di Bergamo: BPB is a multi-functional bank which operates in insurance, leasing and merchant banking areas. Banca Di Roma Unicredit Group: The activities of the group Banca di Roma are: main credit services, asset management, and long-distance banking services for enterprises and firms. Gruppo Bancario Banco Di Napoli: It provides traditional financial and banking services and new economy and business assistance. Mediobanca: Financial credit bank, structured, asset and corporate finance, capital equity market. Mediocredito: Specialized in corporate banking, investment banking, company credit and private equity. Unicredit: UniCredito Italiano is the largest banking group in Italy in terms of operating income and market capitalization and second as regards interest margin and income from banking activities. Role of the Bank of Italy The Bank of Italy is the Central Bank of the country. It is the head of all the banks. All the banks are sub-ordinate to it. It is a Government owned institute and was established in 1893. It performs various functions in the banking field and economy of the country. Most important is the issuance of euro banknotes and withdraws and eliminates the worn pieces. The authority of monetary policy and exchange rate policies is no more in the hands of the Bank of Italy. In 1998 these authorities were transferred to the European Central Bank which is the head of all the banks in Europe. The main functions played by the Bank of Italy are as under: Supervise the banking system. Supervise the financial system. Ensure stability and efficiency of the system. Compliance to the rules and regulations formulated by the European Central Bank. Bank of Italy is the secondary authority in the legislation point of view. It co-operates with the governmental authorities in the formul ation of laws. Due to reforms introduced in 2005 the sole authority of Bank of Italy in the credit sector is now shared with the Italys Antitrust Authority. IT also performs other small functions also which are as under: Supervision of the Markets. Oversight of the provision system and provision of settlement services State Treasury Services Central Credit Register Economic Analysis Institutional Consultancy Ownership of Banking Institutions The ownership of the banking industry can be clearly identified according to a report submitted to the Bank of Italy in which it is specified that: 27% ownership of capital of banking industry in the hands of Italian banks. (i.e.-e there ownership is Italian based) 4% ownership is with the foreign banks working in Italy.( Ownership is of other countries) 18% is in the hands of public and non-profit institutions. (Govt. owned institutions) 5 % by insurance companies and financial undertakings. (Other than Banking Institutions) All these are due to the changes in the policies and reforms which the banking foundations or heads carry out. If we compare 1980s figures with todays figures we will find out that in 1980 the 75% business was captured by the public sector banks which today is reduced to merely 15% and is likely to be reduced more in the upcoming period due to changes in the policies. Now, privatization is prevailed in Italy. The reason behind so less foreign banks ownership is that the Italian banking has suffered greatly after the 2nd world war. Italy was discouraged by many laws with their exchange with the international markets but this situation was removed in the 1990s after which the Italian banking sector emerged as a competitive player in the global financial markets. In the 1990s the drop interest rate played a very vital role in the financial sector of the country. The development of stock exchange, prompted financing through the issuance of equity are done in this period of time. Now a larger part of the banking sector is owned by private firms. Banks Ownership in Non-Financial Firms The banks in Italy are regulated by the laws formulated by the Bank of Italy as it is the Head of the economy of Italy. According to laws there is no such restriction or limitations on the banks to invest their money in non-financial firms. But also this is a point that we dont find any such example that any bank is engaged in this activity. Banks are willing to invest only in the financial activities as they find it profitable and suitable for them. As far as the case of ownership of non-financial firms in banks is concerned, there is also no restriction for the share in banks. The non-financial firms can invest and own shares of commercial banks and also have equal voting rights. Risks Faced by the Banking Sector in Italy A bank has many risks that must be managed carefully, especially since a bank uses a large amount of leverages. If the banks do not use good and effective risk management techniques they could easily become insolvent. While talking of the Italian industry the major risks faced are: Liquidity Risks Interest Rate Risks Credit Default Risks Trading Risks Liquidity Risks: Liquidity is the ability of banks to pay their customers demand for cash or simply to meet the cash requirements of its customers. The banks face risks as the amount payable on bills and other negotiable instruments is known by banks as they know the due date and amount of it. But the customers demands on the chequing accounts are very much unpredictable. So the banks face the risk of shortage or keeping high cash with them is both risky. Other liquidity risks which the Italian banks face are off-balance sheet risks, such as loan commitments letter of credits etc. Interest Rate Risks: A banks main source of profit is the conversion of liabilities interest rate and asset interest rate. The banks earn by paying low rate on its liabilities (loans debentures etc) and receiving higher rate on its assets (loans investments etc). The risks arise as the interest rate for short term liabilities and assets are also short term based. It means they are not fixed and change according to different situations in the market. So the risks of the difference in the interest rate is always faced by banks as they do not know the exact rate for a longer period of time .However, in case of long term deposits and borrowings this risk is very much minimized as the rate of interest is fixed and known to the banks. Credit Risks: Credit risks are involved when a borrower fails to pay the amount of loan outstanding to his account. The Banks in Italy are required by law to create a loan loss reserve account to cover these types of losses. Usually after 90 days of non-payment of loan the loan is to be considered as bad debts. When the banks offer loans to the people other than its customers the bank conducts a Credit Risk Analysis. CRA is the determination of the possible risk involved in advancing the loan to that specific person and the result is deducted on the basis of his credit rating and history. Trading Risks: Generally greater risks are involved in the achievement of greater profits. By Law the banks in Italy are limited to their leverage ratios but they can earn by trading securities. For this purpose a separate department which involves hire traders specialized in hires trading. But the more the banks will try to earn profit the more the risk is faced by banks. Other risks: Foreign Currency Risks (Changes in the value of foreign currency that a bank holds). Sovereign Risks (Due to political instability of countries economy the fall in the value of native currency). Operational Risks (The damage to the equipment of the bank which is used in daily working). Techniques Used in Risk Management by Italian Banks As we discussed above the risks which are faced by the Italian banking sector. Now we will take a look at the techniques or methods of managing those risks carried out by banks. The techniques are as in the same sequence as the risks to clarify the more parts and are as under: Liquidity Management: The banks minimize the liquidity risk by applying the liquidity management technique which includes both asset management and liability management. Asset Management: This technique is applied by taking into consideration the cash ratio and the amount of liquid asset. The Banks are required to keep a specific ratio of its cash. So the bank keeps a sum of cash with it and other as liquid assets to meet the urgent demand of its customers. Liability Management: A bank increases the liability by borrowing. It can borrow either by taking loans or by issuing securities. The banks borrow from each other in the inter bank market which is known as Federal Funds Market. In this method the banks having large amount of cash offers loans to the banks with less cash power. In this way they keep a liability sector stable and safe. Credit Risk Management: The banks can reduce their credit risks by taking full information before granting loans. The banks apply effective credit techniques by creating a separate team for collecting and verifying all the information regarding the applicant of the loan. The banks also reduce their credit risks by granting loans to the different sectors of economy and not are limited to only one of the sectors. So that if one sector is defaulted the amount given to other sectors can be recovered. Interest Rate Risk Management: To overcome the interest rate risks the banks match the sensitive rate of assets to its liabilities. The banks also can use long term loans which are based on fixed rate of interest. Increasingly now the banks are using interest rate swaps to reduce their credit risk where bank receives fixed rate on its assets and in exchange for a floating rate (non-fixed) to the other party. However, if the banks use this technique it ultimately reduces the profit if the banks as low line of borrowers will accept this type of rate policy.

American Free Trade Agreement ( Nafta ) And Mercosur Essay

Each Member State faces difficulties with exportations to other countries in North America, Latin America and Europe (Development Paths in the Caribbean). The disadvantage is that these other countries have already established their own trading blocs such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Mercosur. There is a need for Caribbean countries to become part of the ‘bigger picture’ and discontinue assuming that their traditional schemes and old markets will continue to sustain them. Integration promises new and innovative solutions to open new markets and expand exportations. In a country small like Belize, exportations are decreasing dramatically and importations will continue to increase. The Bank of Guyana has also reported that the country’s exportations are higher than importations (Guyana Exports) People do not only live off economics alone, people also part of society; and the Caribbean society all share similar history, culture and traditions. Integration helps to create a sense of Common Identity (Premdas). Common Identity occurs when an individual feels a sense of belonging to a collective group. When referring to identity, emphasis should be placed on the way that a group reacts in similar situations. When individuals feel belonging to a collective group, cultural, gang, religious or educational, the individual reacts similarly to the group’s reactions when in similar circumstances. Similarly, when belonging to a regional integrated group,Show MoreRelatedFree Trade Blocs, A Major Step Towards Economic Integration1076 Words   |  5 PagesFree Trade Blocs Free trade blocs are intergovernmental agreements that limit regional barriers to trade by integrating different economies. The four types of trade blocs are Preferential Trade Area, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, and Common Market. The specific trade blocs included in this analysis are Mercosur, North American Free Trade Agreement, European Union. 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Difference Between Goals Free Essays

Goals are often the main fundamental end point towards which organizations work. Goals define the aims and objectives of organizations that are set to be achieved in the due course of time. The different types of goals in an organization are for different purposes and reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fundamentally there exist two categories of goals: official goals and operative goals. (Daft, 2001) The difference between these goals is quite obvious and can be explained easily. Official goals exist to define the organization’s overall legitimate objectives i. e. the stage it will reach during the course of its existence. Operative goals, on the other hand are in place to provide the momentum and motivation to employees in a particular direction. These seek to establish decision guidelines and are basically the means to achieve the fundamental objectives. In other words, operative goals define the goals of performance and employee productivity in order to meet the official goals.  (Daft, 2001) There should be a high degree of consistency and congruency between the official and the operative goals for the organization to benefit from it. At Google, the official goals are defined to being able to provide the world with all the information in and about the world in as many different languages as possible. Clearly speaking, it is a very broad, timeless and fundamental goals which Google is aiming at. There will hardly be any point in time when Google can claim that it has met its official goals. The operative goals of Google include the harbouring of individualism as well as collective group work: a goal that will motivate both strata of workers because it has been found out that many superb individuals may not gel into groups well and many average performers may perform exceptionally in groups. It also has provision for creativity and innovation. The operative goals of Google are clearly different and more specific towards performance and operations, while the official goals depict what the operative goals will one day lead to. (Google search engine) Thus, it should be borne in mind when considering the difference between operational and operative goals that these are highly related to each other and yet distinct. The example of Google as an organization highlighting the differences between these two types of goals exmplifies this fact aptly. How to cite Difference Between Goals, Papers

Communication Apprehension And Satisfaction -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Apprehension And Satisfaction? Answer: Introducation Communication is a very important concept under the functions of management and this is something which the people indulge in on daily basis. Communication gains more significance when it comes to the professional interactions and in order for making a good impression. In the business life of a person it helps in formation of a sound business structure, along with enabling an individual in being linked in a proper manner, with their associates. As per Mikkelson, York and Arritola (2015) communication is a key element for the purpose of getting the managerial and organizational effectiveness. By making use of good communication skills, the employees become more involved in the work done by them and they can also gain a better understanding to the job being undertaken by them. This is due to the fact that communication not only involves speaking up, but also elements of listening. Communication skills are not only important for the professionals but also for the students in their acade mic life. This is the stage from where the individuals improve upon their communication skills. For the very same purpose, this reflective essay is being undertaken, so that I would be able to gain an understanding and so that I would be able to pin point on the qualities I have and the things which work against me, particularly with reference to the communication skills. Reflective essays are means to put a reflection on the present standing of an individual, where they help the person in understanding who they are, their features, the manner in which they change, and the factors which have an impact on them. To further help in taking this journey of presenting a reflective of myself, I need to make use of certain tools which would highlight the things which work against me. In doing so, I would be using five diagnostic tools, on which I have gotten an approval for them to be used for this reflective essay. Once I make use of these tools, I would be conducting a literature review, which would present the view of the leading scholars on this. Based on this, I would be creating an action plan for the coming six months. To start with this reflective essay, I had to pin-point the flaws which I have and in this regard, I started making use of the diagnostic tools. I started with Communication Skills Self-Assessment as this seemed to be the most suitable and matching diagnostic tool for the purpose of this essay. I have already quoted the work of a scholar in the introduction segment where it is provided that communication skills are the root of any tree and where this root is not strong, the tree would not stand. This is important for both students and the professionals and even in the life of general people. This tool checks the level of comfort which a person feels in all of their modes used in communication. These include telephonic, written, verbal and the like (Mind Tools, 2018a). The next tool I went for was the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale or SPCC, which most of my friends were also using. I got curious in terms of comparing my scores with others and thus opted for this tool. S PCC helps in measuring the communication apprehensions of a person where they go and communicate with people who are not known to them, and where the numbers of receivers are quite high. This is particularly helpful in showing the comfort level of any individual when they have to deal with masses (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997). Next I came to the tool which helps the survey taker in learning how good they are when it comes to their people skills. The skills judged in this tool are the soft skills, which have a major impact over the person succeeding in their technical skills. In the management and leadership roles, this tool is particularly helpful (Mind Tools, 2018b). The second last took which I made use of for this purpose was related to checking my presentation skills and this was the tool of How good are your presentation skills? This helps in checking the presentation skills of a person (Mind Tools. 2018c). The last tool I used was not being used by a lot of my friends, but I still wanted to use this tool to check my skills. This tool was non-verbal communication. This tool helps in gaining an understanding on the use of body language and the non verbal communication by a person (Help Guide, 2018). I made use of these five diagnostic tools and have myself ratings on each of these to get the results of these tools. In Communication Skills Self-Assessment tool which I used, I got a scoring of 106, which puts me in the second last category of this rating. This shows that I am perfectly at ease in the world when it comes to the interpersonal relationships. The next tool I went for was the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale or SPCC, where I got average scoring in public at 73.33, average scoring in meeting at 73.33, average scoring in group at 85, average scoring in dyad at 83.33, average scoring in stranger at 76.25, average scoring in acquaintance at 72.5, average scoring in friend at 87.5, and a total score of 78.75 which puts me on an overall average rating. This shows that my communication skills are average and I neither have per se communication apprehension nor lack it. Next I came to the tool which helps the survey taker in learning how good they are when it comes to their people skills. In this, I got a score of 44 which placed me in the marking of 37-58. This shows that I accept that working with others in the workplace is crucial. This however highlights that there is room of improvement for me as at times I get stressed out and feel pressure. This could have an impact on the management and leadership roles for me in future. The second last took which I made use of for this purpose was related to checking my presentation skills and this was the tool of How good are your presentation skills? The score I got I this was 50, which puts me in the presentation skills of average range, which shows that I have ok presentation skills. This shows I am an average presenter and do not leave a lasting impact on the audience. The last tool I used was not being used by a lot of my friends, but I still wanted to use this tool to check my skills. This tool was n on-verbal communication. This tool depicted that I have a good understanding on the non-verbal communication and I got majority of the answers correct. From the use of diagnostic tools, I highlighted two key features which I had to work on improving as I could not find a clear area of weakness. The areas I need to work upon are improving upon my oral and my written communication skills, which would encompass the presentation skills. As I have average scorings in communication apprehensions, I would also be working on improving it. The two incidents from my professional life which demonstrate my weaknesses are very small yet need to be mentioned here. The first one is the presentation which I had to give in training for another course. I was required to present a summary on how Rio Tinto has excelled in Australia and had created a presentation on it. However, I received average feedbacks on the presentation as the trainer felt that I had not made the best use of presenting the facts which I had create. This was particularly due to my lacklustre presentation and the stutter in my words. Even though by the end of this presentation, I was not stuttering or sweating, but I still was feeling a bit nervous and my hands were cold. There is another incident which shows that I lack the proper communication skills and that I have communication apprehension. As a part of the training program, volunteers were asked for going to a firm for certain work. However, when it came to taking lead on this project, I became hesitant and one of my friends took a lead on it. I not only lost an opportunity of going to another firm to gain new experiences, but I also got a low score on taking initiatives and in being the leader and the responsible one, when it comes to important aspects of the life. If this issue is not resolved, as highlighted through the core of diagnostic tool, I would not be able to take lead in my professional or business life. This would in turn result in me not growing and my career path being stagnant instead of being on a rising path. Even though these two issues are not as prominent, but these do give important leanings in the context of this discussion. Oral communication covers the capability of the graduates to get and present feedback, to participate in the meetings and in verbally communicating in the business context with the others (Jackson Chapman, 2012; Jackson, 2014). As per Popescu (2013), it is an interactive and a dynamic process in which the understanding and the very meaning is exchanged by use of expressions, inflexions, gestures and body language, which helps in contextualising the spoken words where the non verbal, para verbal and the verbal language is applied. In context of oral communication for business, public speaking is a very important concept (Jackson Chapman, 2012; Paglis, 2013). It also covers oral presentation in which the communication is made to the audience. It covers the ability of planning and presenting the ideas in a clear and fluent manner, which is usually in a definite time frame and the ability of varying the pitch, pace and the tone of the presentation for eliciting the response desired fro m audience (Wisker, 1994). The presenters not only are required to hold the knowledge of topic being presented; however, they are also required to hold a strong command on the language and have the ability of succinctly organizing and expressions the thoughts which they have (Bodie, 2010). Aryadoust (2015) has identified three key and basic skills for giving the presentation, i.e., non verbal communication skills, the verbal communication skills, and the content and its organization. The success of a presentation requires verbal communication skills which help the audience in understanding the presentation. The volume, the voice tone and the pitch are some of the contributory factors in giving effective delivery, as is the speaking at the pace which is matched to the audience and the content covered under the presentation. Through the research, it has been shown that the presenters have rich vocabulary and strong grammatical knowledge, through which they are able to express the thoughts which they have, in a coherent manner. Further, the individuals holding these qualities are deemed as more proficient and more competent (Christ, 1994; Luoma, 2004, Aryadoust, 2015). The ones who have the ability of delivering the content which is logically organized and which flows in a coherent manner, is another crucial component of the oral communication. As per Aryadoust (2015), the use of discourse markers, and as per Whetten and Cameron (2011), the use of signposts, are the indicators of movement in between the topics covered in the content, which contributes to the comprehension of audience. Through the combination of oral communications with the visual cues like non verbal communication, text and pictures, the audience in further helped in understanding the message of the presentation and helps in improving the perception the perceptions of the presenting party (Aryadoust, 2015). Further, as per Aryadoust (2015), the non verbal cues which the audience interprets include the eye contact, the facial expressions, body language and gestures. There are a number of models and frameworks, when it comes to the practitioner literatures, which are based on the professional presentations. The typologies range typically from four to eight Ps and also include the factors like PowerPoint, presentation, planning, pace, pause, pitch, practice and projection. In the literature covered in Whetten and Cameron (2011), five S approach has been adapted to effective presentations. In this framework, the oral communication is dynamic. There is a requirement of the ability of adapting the presentation or communication style, based on the situation faced by the person, who allows for measuring and developing of this skill imprecise and complex in comparison to training, as well as, the assessment of discipline based technical skills (Whetten Cameron, 2011). Owing to the presentation skills being transferable to such contexts and situations, they become an important attribute for the graduates. There have been quite significant changes in the contemporary workplaces which propagates the employers to seek such graduates who are able to work and collaborate in teams, are able to think critically and solve the problems (Harpe David, 2012; Jackson, 2014; Campbell Kresyman, 2015). The employers continue to treat communication as the most important skills which they sought after (GCA, 2014; Jackson, 2014; Campbell Kresyman, 2015; Sulphey, 2015). In Australia, the employers have ranked communication skills as holding more significance in comparison to the academic results in consistent manner when they recruit graduates for the different positions (GCA, 2012; 2013; 2014). Communication covers the skills in both oral and written expression. For the graduates seeking employment in the different fields, oral communication is crucial as it is a core attribute for them in fields like information systems, accounting, science, engineering, entrepreneurial studies and business (Isaias Issa, 2014; Barratt et al. 2011; Basturk, 2008; Mercer Mathews, 2015; Perdigones et al. 2009; Bell, 2015; Caza et al. 2015). However, oral communication is not merely significant for assuring future employment, but is a skill which contributes in a crucial manner to the academic performance of a person (Aryadoust, 2015). Studies have also shown that the through the strong oral communication skills, the conflict management, cultural sensitivity and the relationship awareness of a person can be enhanced (Whetten Cameron, 2011; Campbell Kresyman, 2015). So, where the oral communication skills are improved upon by the individual, they develop self confidence which further helps in self achievement, and when it comes to employment, it helps in progression of their career (Du-Babcock, 2006; Popescu, 2013; Isaias Issa 2014). Since the late 1960s, communication apprehension has been a key focus in human communication field (McCroskey, 1966). It is defined as the level of anxiety or fear of an individual, which is either anticipated or is real in context of them communicating with other individuals. This is a very stressful situation and has the features of internal feelings of uneasiness and discomfort. Stress is quite often discussed as anxiety as the constructs share same effects, opinions and symptoms for treatment. The common symptoms include anxiety and stress, and are coupled with rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, trembling, sweating, irritability, tension, dizziness, and the other related negative side effects. And now anxiety is commonly associated with stress and vice versa is also true (McCroskey, 1977). In the education setting, communication apprehensions have a major negative impact on the learning opportunities and success of the students. Quiggins (1972) has highlighted the research whi ch has show that high communication apprehension is perceived as less attractive and less credible, which can also result in rejection in working and social environment. In itself, high communication apprehension is a negative feeling (Rubin Rubin, 1989). There are a number of communication traits which correlate to the communication apprehensions; though, there is a lack of specific traits to create a casual relationship. Amongst this skill is shyness. Shyness is, as per McCroskey and Richmond (1982), a tendency of being reserved, timid and the desire of talking less. This comes only in cases where the receiver is new and not known to the individual. Individuals who are talkaholics do not necessarily have a low communication apprehension which reveals that in certain settings, an individual would be confident particularly where they are dominant, but at other situations, confidence is transferred to other domains (McCroskey Richmond, 1995). The third trait is self-esteem where the perception of self has the ability of influencing the behaviours, evaluations and cognitions of a person. The support of audience is something which works in the favour of the speaker and plays a curial role in communication apprehensions. More importantly , Baqutayan (2011) has highlighted that the perception of an individual regarding the amount of social support they get, plays a key role in the life of a person in comparison to the actual support which is given. The manner of dealing with communication apprehensions has been suggested by Jones (2004). He has stated that there is a need to channel the apprehensions of a person, in such a manner that instead of letting the anxiety result in negative feelings, the same is channelled in a positive manner. Ohata (2005) has suggested that by changing the perceptions and by adopting a positive approach, the individual can learn to deal with the emotions which they feel during the time they had to communicate with strangers. There is also a need for the individual coping with communication apprehensions to undergo trainings which could help them in dealing with this issue in particular. There is a need for the individual to continuously practice speaking in public, as much is possible for them. There is a need for the individual to take on every opportunity to speak, even when it includes minor speaking time; for instance, introducing a speaker at any event. The anxiety has to be dealt externally al so, in place of working only on internal aspects. The individual needs to learn on how to focus on the task, in place of the negative feelings which are associated with them giving any speech (Reis, Clark, Holmes, 2004). Based on the literature presented in the previous segment, and the issues which I had, I have prepared an action plan, which I would be following for the next six months. This is presented below: Gantt Chart Feb-18 Mar- 18 Apr-18 May- 18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Daily Journal Details on courses Taking up any and all initiatives Creating presentations Publishing presentations online Reciting summary of fiction The action plan which I have prepared is simple and minimalistic in order to keep it real and practical. The first thing which I would be doing, as suggested in the assignment file, is keeping a daily journal. This journal would cover the different things I carry out in the next six months period and would particularly highlight the shortfalls which I continue to present. The literature stated that the individuals have to take trainings. In this regard, I would be taking suggestion from my mentor on the possible short course which I could take up, particularly to improve upon my presentation skills, so that my future life would be improved, in context of my career. As suggested through the literature, I would be taking any kind and all the initiatives which I come across in this academic curriculum, and also in the other spheres of the life. I would also be creating presentations on regular basis, which would be one every two weeks from March 2018 onwards. These would be on an array of topics so that not only my knowledge, but also my skill base is increased. Once these presentations are completed for four months, I would be setting up a blog and publishing these online. The success of my action plan depends upon the comments which I get on this blog, particularly from my mentor. As I love to read a lot, I would be taking up reading of new fiction books and would be reciting them to different crowds. This would help me in removing the communication apprehensions I have at the present. In conclusion, this reflective essay was aimed at analysing my communication skills, particularly in context of the areas I excel at, and the weaknesses which I have. For this purpose, I had chosen five diagnostic tools, which I read, scored and analysed. The analysis of these diagnostic tools highlighted that I had average presentation skills and also have moderate communication apprehensions. As these could have a negative impact on my future career, I carried out a literature review to analyse the key cause of these shortfalls and also to gain an understanding on the manner in which these can be improved upon. Once this was done, I prepared an action plan, based on the suggestions given in the literature to improve the shortfalls which a person has. The action plan also includes the criteria for judging the success of this six months action plan. It is expected that through the adoption of this action plan, I would be able to improve my presentation skills, and would also be able to remove the communication apprehensions which I have partly. References Aryadoust, V. (2015). Self and peer assessments of oral presentations by first-year university students. Educational Assessment, 20(3), 199225. Baqutayan, S. (2011). Stress and social support. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 33(1), 29. Barratt, C., Hanlon, D., Rankin, M. (2011). Assessing the success of a discipline-based communication skills development and enhancement program in a graduate accounting course. Higher Education Research Development, 30(6), 681695. Basturk., R. (2008). Applying the many facet Rasch model to evaluate PowerPoint presentation performance in higher education. Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, 33(4), 431444. Bell, R. (2015). Developing the next generation of entrepreneurs: Giving students the opportunity to gain experience and thrive. International Journal of Management Education, 13(1), 3747. Bodie, G.D. (2010). A racing heart, rattling knees, and ruminative thoughts: Defining, explaining, and treating public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 59, 70105. Campbell, C.L., Kresyman, S. (2015). Aligning business and education: 21st century skill preparation. E-Journal of Business Education Scholarship Teaching, 9(2), 1327. Caza, A., Brower, H.H., Wayne, J.H. (2015). Effects of a holistic, experiential curriculum on business students' satisfaction and career confidence. International Journal of Management Education, 13(1), 7583. Christ, W.G. (ed.) (1994). Assessing Communication Education: A Handbook for Media, Speech and Theatre Educators. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Du-Babcock, B. (2006). Teaching business communication: past, present, and future. Journal of Business Communication, 43(3), 253264. Graduate Careers Australia (GCA) (2012) Graduate Outlook 2012: Employers Perspectives on Graduate Recruitment in Australia. GCA: Parkville. Retrieved from: https://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/GOS12_Report_FINAL1.pdf Graduate Careers Australia (GCA) (2013) Graduate Outlook 2013: Employers Perspectives on Graduate Recruitment in Australia. GCA: Parkville. Retrieved from: https://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/Graduate_Outlook_2013.pdf Graduate Careers Australia (GCA) (2014) Graduate Outlook 2014: Employers Perspectives on Graduate Recruitment in Australia. GCA: Parkville. Retrieved from: https://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/Graduate_Outlook_2014.pdf Harpe, B., David, C. (2012). Major influences on the teaching and assessment of graduate attributes. Higher Education Research Development, 31(4), 493510. Help Guide. (2018). Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved from: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships-communication/nonverbal-communication.htm Isaias, P., Issa, T. (2014). Promoting communication skills for information systems students in Australian and Portuguese higher education: Action research study. Education Information Technologies, 19(4), 841861. Jackson, D. (2014). Business graduate performance in oral communication skills and strategies for improvement. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(1), 2234. Jackson, D., Chapman, E. (2012). Non-technical competencies in undergraduate business degree programs: Australian and UK perspectives. Studies in Higher Education, 37(5), 541567. Jones J.F. (2004). A Cultural Context for Language Anxiety. EA (English Australia), 21(2), 30-39. Luoma, S. (2004). Assessing speaking. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. McCroskey, C., J. (1966). What have we learned in the last four decades. Human Communication, 12(2), 157-171. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions. Central States Speech Journal, 33, 458- 468. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P. (1995). Correlates of compulsive communication: Quantitative and qualitative characterizations. Communication Quarterly, 43, 39- 52. McCroskey, J.C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96. Mercer-Mapstone, L.D., Matthews, K.E. (2015). Student perceptions of communication skills in undergraduate science at an Australian research-intensive university. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(1), 98114. Ohata K. (2005). Language Anxiety from the Teachers Perspective: Interviews with Seven Experienced ESL/EFL Teachers. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 133-155. Paglis, L.L. (2013). A review of managerial skills training in the classroom. Journal of Management Education, 37(4), 472498. Perdigones, A., Garca, J.L., Valio, V., Raposo, C. (2009). Assessing heterogeneous student bodies using a methodology that encourages the acquisition of skills valued by employers. Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(4), 389400. Popescu, T. (2013). Improving business students' presentation skills. The Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education, 6, 127136. Quiggins, J. G. (1972). The Effects of High and Low Communication Apprehension oAnswer:n Small Group Member Credibility, Interpersonal Attraction, and interaction. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association, Chicago. Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., Holmes, J. G. (2004). Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness. In D. J. Mashek A. P. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy, 201-225. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M. (1989). Communication apprehension and satisfaction in interpersonal relationships. Communication Research Reports, 6(1), 13-20. doi: 10.1080/08824098909359827 Sulphey, M.M. (2015). Patterns of employability skills among business students. IPE Journal of Management, 5(2), 57 73. Whetten, D., Cameron, K. (2011). Part IV Supplement A: Making oral and written presentations. In D Whetten and K Cameron (eds) Developing Management Skills. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Wisker, G. (1994). Innovative assessment: peer group and oral assessment. Educational Training Technology International, 31(2), 104114.

The Best Conferences for Freelance Writers and Content Creators

Conferences are a great place for freelance and content writers to meet like-minded people, learn new skills, beef up on industry trends, meet potential clients, and network with potential collaborators. Plus, they can be a ton of fun. While there are plenty of conferences for content marketers, what about ones specifically for freelance and content writers? We’ve got you covered. Here is our list of the best conferences for freelance writers and content creators. 1. BlogHer Date: August 8-9 Location: New York, New York Presented by: SheKnows Media Description: BlogHer is a conference all about inspiring and empowering female content creators and influencers. The summit features keynote speakers, networking sessions, and influencer workshops. Some of the notable speakers at this year’s summit include Gwyneth Paltrow, Julianne Hough, and Arianna Huffington (among others). â€Å"BlogHer has become an unstoppable movement, empowering women to find their voices and turn their passions into content, community and commerce, across topics from food and health to parenting and politics.† Who should attend: Female writers, bloggers, social influencers, content creators 2. Tribe Conference Date: October 26-28 Location: Franklin, Tennessee Presented by: Jeff Goins Description: Founded by Jeff Goins, a best-selling author and blogger, the Tribe Conference is a place to meet like-minded creatives, grow your writing practices, and learn from industry experts. Some of the notable speakers at this year’s event include Alli Worthington, Amy Landino, Chandler Bolt, and Jeff Goings himself. Tagline: Find your tribe. Who should attend: Content writers, bloggers, creatives 3. Writer’s Digest Date: August 10-12 Location: New York, New York Presented by: Writer’s Digest Description: The Annual Writer’s Digest Conference is a focused on helping writers advance their writing career creatively and professionally. Writers of all background, expertise, and experience can use this conference to sharpen their skills, pitch ideas, and find inspiration. Workshop and speaker sessions balance both the artistic side of the writing craft along with the business side. Some of the big speakers at this year’s event include Cassandra Clare, Walter Mosley, and Jeff VanderMeer 4. Adobe Max Date: October 15-17 Location: LA, California Presented by: Adobe Description: While Adobe Max emphasises graphic design, it’s meant to inspire anyone work in a creative industry. Some sessions focus on continuous improvement, building strong teams, developing your personal brand, getting inspired by personal projects, and the differences between a career and a job. Tagline: Get inspired. Learn skills. Play. Who should attend: Writers, designers, photographers, marketing strategists 5. South by Southwest Date: March 8-14, 2019 Location: Austin, Texas Presented by: SXSW Description: The SXSW ® Conference is dedicated to helping creatives reach their goals. The conference aims to foster both creative and professional growth through a series of networking events, speakers and workshops. While much of the SXSW conference focuses on film and music, the Marketing track and the Media and Journalism track are highly relevant for freelance writers. Who should attend: Writers, authors, YouTubers 6. 99U Date: May 8 – 10, 2019 Location: Manhattan, New York Presented by: Adobe Description: The 99U is a 3-day conference packed with insightful speakers, stimulating workshops, and valuable networking sessions. Some of their past speakers include authors like Simon Sinek and Seth Godin, as well as other experts such as the co-founder of Airbnb, Senior Curator of MoMA, and the Head of Design at Instagram. Who should attend: â€Å"Anyone in a creative field working to: put an idea into action, get inspiration from creative leaders, connect with potential collaborators, manage an effective team, or understand the trends affecting the future of creativity.† 7. World Domination Summit Date: June 26 – July 2 Location: Portland, Oregon Presented by: World Domination Summit Description: World Domination Summit isn’t your typical conference. They bring together a variety of creatives, entrepreneurs, and interesting people for a full week of events and keynotes. Some of the notable speakers at the 2018 summit include Geraldine DeRuiter (blogger, author, humorist) and Ryan Holiday (writer and media strategist). Tagline: An unconventional weekend for unconventional thinkers Who should attend: Writers, bloggers, digital nomads 8. Design Content Conference Date: July 25- 27 Location: Vancouver, British Columbia Presented by: The Republic of Quality Description: When design and content come together, magic happens. This conference brings together industry leaders and experts to share their thoughts about crafting amazing content experiences. Some of the talks scheduled include â€Å"Writing for every reader†, â€Å"Click it real good†, and â€Å"How UX writing is a lot like wine tasting†. Who should attend: Content strategists, content writers, designers

Renaissance Architechture essays

Renaissance Architechture essays From the beginning of time, buildings have gotten more and more extravagant. From the Egyptians and their pyramids to modern day skyscrapers, buildings have gotten bigger and easier to build. Some of the biggest advances in architecture was during the Renaissance time period, when the use of arcs and pillars, flying buttresses, and many-floored building began. Along with art, architecture gained huge advances. These advances affected everyone on the European continent and around the world. It started on August 14,1418. Florences new cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore, had been under construction for more then a century. The architects did not know how to finish the dome they had wanted. Holding a contest, the builders said that whomever could make a model of the ideal dome would win 200 gold Florins. The battle began, people worked feverishly for six weeks. Soon they began to realize that building a dome was much more difficult then anyone had thought. As the century went on, and they were ready to build the dome two groups of people were asked to make detailed models. The first was a man named Giovanni di Lapo Ghini, and the second was a group of artists led by a mason, Neri di Fioravanti. Their models were great, sometimes big enough that the architects could inspect the interior. Each group had their own idea of how the dome should be built. As the time went on the architects could not decide between the two. However, as the days went on the wardens start ed leaning toward Fioravantis design. Giovanni then started to question the support of the dome. Stability was a big issue then, modern buildings have been built so we do not have to fear them collapsing. However, then, that fear was bigger then ever. The wardens adopted Fioravantis idea, with the stipulation that his supports be bigger. It was then built, and has been like that since. A dome the size of Fioravantis had never been done be...

How have anthropologists responded to colonialism in different Essay - 2

How have anthropologists responded to colonialism in different historical moments - Essay Example In some cases, anthropology is into smaller units namely linguistic, bodily, archaeology and cultural anthropology. Therefore, anthropology seeks to understand the various facets of culture within a given society therefore reflects on the tools, techniques, values, beliefs, economic mechanisms, social institutions and struggles of prestige within any given societal setting (Pritchard, 1969, p.30). With a wider spec, applied anthropological study helps in solving modern problems. Anthropologists not only use colonialism as a historical object of observation but also as a technique of control, which emerged from colonial dialect. Anthropology categorizes colonialism in dissimilar ways. The anthropology of colonialism categorically seeks to determine contemporary anthropology in relation to the colonial background under which it emerged. Ethno history on the other hand, seeks to draw boundaries between history and anthropology, neo-Marxism and feminism for instance fuel economic interes t of change and consequently in colonialism among the peasant societies in relation to their mode of production and form of economy. Anthropology of colonialism’s notions, through culture and method, has always turned out to have specific colonial functions or uses (Asad, 1973, p.5). Evans-Pritchard, in his book, â€Å"The Nuer†, indicates that society surrounding the Nuer people happens through groups and cattle. The Nuer is a pastoralist community residing along the upper part of the Nile. Their social structure was drawn from individualistic perspectives and lacked laws and leaders. Social order in society was maintained based on societal values and tribe orientation within a lineage system (Pritchard, 1940, p.9). From a scholarly perspective however, â€Å"The Nuer† is an intensive ethnographic study coined by Evans-Pritchard about the unusual and interesting people. To this people, economic relationships are of social nature hence everything that the people of this ethnic setting do, is bound by the factor that they belong to one community and they are therefore bound by their relation by productive system. Evans Pritchard, through his book therefore emphasizes on the lack of laws, government, political organizations and authority in the social systems of the Nuer hence a paradox in their political structure. He denotes that classification among these people is only in their relation to other political setups and it arises because of tribal hostility and aggression. This therefore means that, the availability of tension brings about sense of form. Because of this, social life therefore balances wrongs and individuals within the society. Through Evans-Pritchard’s writings, it is clearly indicating that through anthropologies colonialism should actually be analyzed as a culture, which has an origin from colonial control, which is set on a historical background, in this case, therefore, culture and history supplement each other in the manner in which they relate. In order to understand this interesting relationship, one ought to know the classifications and functions of culture through the history of colonial governments. Through the understanding of Evans-Pritchard’s work, we can deduce that anthropologists and historians in most instances agree that we all ought to be sensitive to contexts. The Nuer, therefore,

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Art - Essay Example The third photograph indicates the initial stages of a sisal plant, the second shows the sisal plant while at the farm while the first photo represent a period at which the sisal is harvested ready for use. The stages represented the economic activity at the period of photography. It represents the livelihood of the people at the specific period. The background of the first photo shows a cloudy sky representing perfect weather for farming. The first photo also represents culture and dressing of the region at the given time. It shows that they where weavers as represented by the sisal cap worn by the main in the picture. It also represents the man as a farmer. The existence of the two economic activities indicates the presence of trade and interactions between people at the given period and rime. The budding stage of sisal represents the initial cultural practices with the second photograph indicating the changes within these

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example Taxation in essence is a system created in order to fuel the society, a manner of giving back to society for its protection. This however is not the case in modern times. Governments use taxation to run the national affairs. One thing which has still not changed is using taxation to fund wars. This practice was carried out by empires thosands of years ago and is still in pratice today. An income tax is a tax levied on the income of corporations or individuals. The amounts of tax is determined by not a fixed amount but by a percentage. This means that the tax would increase as the income increase. In most economies there are different tax brackets. This would mean that a certain percentage would be charged for an income of a certain level, however as the income would cross that threshold the tax rate would increase. There are four different types of income taxes based on sources of funds accquired i.e. personal income tax, corporate income tax, capital gain tax, payroll tax and inheretence tax. The idea of income tax is not just to aquire money to run the society (government) but also to keep a check on earnings of the rich. This system of check and balance ensures that a share is given back to welfare of state. Inflation is also controlled through this mechanism. Moreover incomes taxes can be progressive, regressive or proportional. Sales tax is a form of consumption tax. Unlike the income tax it is not applicable when you earn but only when you spend. This is because although the tax is paid by sellers of commodities, it is not in fact actually paid by them. A typical example can be buying your favorite perfume from a shopping mall. When the payment is made there is a few extra pounds charged above the selling price. This is the sales tax; the perfume seller will pay this amount to the government. The income tax would still apply on the seller on his profits and would be collected separately. Adam Smith

Terminal Velocity in a Parachute

Terminal Velocity in a Parachute The aim of this experiment was to see how several factors like the length of the string, mass of the object hung to the parachute and height of drop affect the terminal velocity in a parachute. When we would throw the parachute from a certain height it will accelerate and will continue to increase until a drag force acts on it causing the acceleration to decrease. There will be a point of time when the parachute accelerates at a constant speed (drag force equal to weight of the object). So in order to find this constant acceleration the research was divided into three different experiments. The three factors I was investigating were the mass, length and height of drop of the parachute where in each experiment one variable was being changed. I hypothesized in the first experiment that a heavy object will be more prone to reaching terminal velocity because it will travel faster and achieve a greater speed and this hypothesis was correct. With the second experiment when the length of the string was changed I had bit of problems because it was hard to get the object hung to the parachute when the length was small as it constantly got loosened. In the third and final experiment I predicted that a smaller height will have a greater speed because of which it will experience a greater force and hence terminal velocity will be reached and this assumption was correct. The measured heights though were not very accurate because I dropped the parachute in an open area under various different heights. Wind played a huge role in affecting some of the trials and I had to perform the experiment many times in order for the air resistance force be equal to the gravitational force. CONTENTS COVER PAGE 1 ABSTRACT 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CONTENTS PAGE 3 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE 4 HYPOTHESIS 5 EXPEIRMENTAL DESIGN 6 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE 7 VARIABLES 8 DATA COLLECTION EXPERIMENT 1 9 EXPERIMENT 2 10 11 EXPERIMENT 12 13 FURTHER EVALUATION 14 ERRORS 15 IMPROVEMENTS AND CONCLUSION 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 INTRODUCTION Background Knowledge I always have wondered how the military men used skydiving to intrude behind enemy lines and conduct various missions. After doing a bit of research I found out that Military skydivers are deployed from a large aircraft or at times from a helicopter in order to do their respective jobs which are mostly in the form of missions. They carry more gear then the normal skydivers, aside from the parachute they carry additional equipments like oxygen tank, weapons and other equipments which are needed for their missions so this becomes more challenging for these daredevils. So factors like mass of the skydiver, equipment they carry and the surface area  [1]  or height by which they fall from will affect the speed at which the travel. It would be hence interesting to design an experiment to see how these factors affect the terminal velocity of a parachute. Terminal Velocity occurs during free fall  [2]  when a falling body experiences zero acceleration that is when there is no acceleration in the parachute. It varies directly with the ratio of drag to weight. Terminal velocity reaches when the force of gravity  [3]  acting on the object is equal to the air resistance or viscous force of air on the body. Air resistance  [4]  is a major factor contributing in a falling object to reach terminal velocity as it can easily contribute to the speed at which the body falls. HYPOTHESIS A formula was derived by Sir Isaac Newton for one of the force considered in our experiment, air resistance: Fg = {Where, Fg = Force in Newtons G = 6.67 ÃÆ'- 10 -11 M1 = Mass 1 in Kilograms M2 = Mass 2 in kilograms r = Distance between m1 and m2 } When the parachute will be falling down there will be an acceleration of 9.8 ms-2 independent of the factors in the parachute. Terminal velocity wont always be the same; it will be different for different variables. My hypothesis is that a heavier object will have a greater terminal velocity than a light one. For an object to experience terminal velocity, air resistance must balance weight. When the force of gravity is equal to the air resistance the object will travel at a constant velocity (newtons first law) so in the case of a heavy object the force of air resistance in the atmosphere will cause the body to decelerate  [5]  . A light object wont be able to equal resistance the way a heavy object will Like the weight, surface area also has a great effect on a parachute reaching zero acceleration. The surface area is the height at which the parachute is falling down. If the object falls from a smaller height the time for it to touch the ground will be less and henceforth a greater terminal velocity is likely to be seen The third factor which I am taking in to consideration is the length of the string of the parachute. According to me the best string length will be the longest length since it allows the parachute to be more stable. As the parachute will be more stable the velocity will increase and hence there will be less time taken for the parachute to reach terminal velocity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The main aim of the essay is to see how various factors affect the terminal velocity of a parachute. In general there are many factors affecting the terminal velocity of a parachute like the air pressure  [6]  , drop time, canopy area, size of the apex vent, number of length of strings and canopy shape. But according to me the most important factors that play a vital role in the speed at which the parachute descents  [7]  are the mass of the object in the parachute, surface area (Height of drop) and the length of the string. As discussed above these factors are the main ones when a parachute descents, be it a small object, military men or a parachutist. One factor may be prone to reach zero acceleration at a faster rate than the other so in my experiment I will be seeing how these factors affect the parachute reaching a terminal velocity. To see how various factors affect the parachute in reaching zero acceleration three different experiments will be performed. The amount of time taken for each of the parachute to hit the ground will be calculated and one variable in each of the experiment will be changed. The parachute will be made out of a garbage bag of 60 by 84 inch size. Then a big circle will be cut out of the bag of which four holes will be made and then the string will pass through each of the holes and will be stuck by glue. All the four strings will be made into one by attaching a small ribbon onto it and the length of each the strings will be about 80 cm. After the parachute is the three experiments will be performed and after it we will be able to determine when the parachute will travel at a constant speed in order to reach terminal velocity. In each of the experiments there will be two controlled and one independent variable and will see how these variables affect the others. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE For the first experiment the height from which the parachute is being dropped will be kept constant and the length of the string in the parachute will remain the same. The factor that is being changed here is the weight of the object. Two different masses one of 50 and the other of 100 grams will be used and they will be hanged to the parachute one after the other in order to see which one is more prone to reach constant acceleration and they will be dropped many a times till I achieve accurate results. Time will be calculated here to see the speed at which the parachute reaches the ground when the mass is 50 and 100 grams. The weights will be measured by putting each of the masses on to a balance on by one. In the second experiment the length of the string will be kept as constant but the other factor that is kept constant here is the mass of the object. The mass of the object will be a constant 50 grams and using this amount of weight will make it easier for the parachute to reach zero acceleration. The height at which the parachute is being dropped will be changed in this experiment. I will start from a height of say 280 cm and will go up to 350 and see the time at which the parachute hits the ground in each of the case. In the third and final experiment the height of drop will remain the same (540cm) and again the weight of the object will be kept constant, the mass will be 50g. With the same parachute with the constant variables mentioned in these experiment strings of different length 80cm, 70cm, 60cm, 50cm, 40cm and 30cm will be attached. The parachute will be then dropped by 540cm in all the cases so that the parachute reaches terminal velocity. By this the variations in time will be known and hence we will be able to come to a conclusion. We will have to try our level best to avoid external force like wind to affect the experiment. VARIABLES Experiment Number Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable 1 Mass of the object Terminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reached. Surface area and the length of the string. They are the other two factors taken into consideration for the object reaching terminal velocity. 2 Height of drop of the parachute Terminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reached Mass and the length of the string in the parachute will be the same in this experiment and they are the two factors taken into consideration. 3 Length of the string Terminal Velocity and the time elapsed until terminal velocity is reached. Mass and Surface area are kept constant in experience three. This time the Mass and Surface area wont be altered. DATA COLLECTION Experiment 1 In the first experiment the independent variable is the mass of the object hung to the parachute. The controlled variables are the height of drop and length of the string Height of drop of the parachute = 540 cm Length of the string is 80cm Object 1 (50g) Trials Time( ±0.1s) 1 6.52 2 7.46 3 6.38 4 8.36 5 7.94 6 7.81 7 6.63 8 7.32 Object 2 (100g) Trials Time( ±0.1s) 1 4.32 2 3.21 3 3.97 4 3.73 5 4.18 6 4.35 7 3.36 8 4.57 Experiment 2 In the second experiment the independent variable is the height of drop, it is being changed and the factor that is kept constant is the length of the string and the mass of the object used. Length of the string 80cm Mass of the object 50g Height of Drop ( ±0.05cm) Time( ±0.1s) Average Trial 1 Trial 2 Time( ±0.1s) 280 0.89 0.74 0.82 290 0.98 1.17 1.01 300 1.39 1.27 1.33 310 1.34 1.56 1.45 320 1.71 1.82 1.77 330 2.03 2.11 2.07 340 2.34 2.49 2.42 350 2.72 2.77 2.75 After plotting the datas with appropriate error bars and the line of best fit I found out that as the height of drop increases the time for the parachute to fall down increases. When you drop the parachute from a height of above 325 m then the parachute will be more prone to reach terminal velocity. When the parachute was falling down the drag force increased with increase in terminal velocity. It reaches a maximum velocity when the drag force equals the driving force. From a height of 280 to 310 m the parachute fell at a very fast rate (0.5 1.0 s) because of which constant velocity wasnt reached. Also noticed in this graph was that there is constant acceleration at a height od 330 cm which shows us that terminal velocity has been reached. Experiment 3 For the third and final experiment the factor that is being changed is the length of the string. This time the mass of the object and height of drop is kept as the controlled variables. Mass of the object 50g Height of drop 540cm Trials Length of the string ( ±0.05cm) Time ( ±0.1s) 1 80 7.21 2 70 6.39 3 60 5.85 4 50 5.77 5 40 4.32 6 30 3.97 After plotting the graph for the third experiment where the length of string in the parachute was changed I found out that when there was a decrease in the length of the string then the time for the parachute to fall down also decreased. This means that a longer string will be more prone to terminal velocity. When the length of the string decreased then the air resistance increased due to the increase in length which resulted in the parachute to fall down at a constant velocity. For a string of length of more than 50 cm terminal velocity will be reached at a faster rate. In this experiment also constant acceleration is seen at higher lengths of around 65 to 80cm FURTHER EVALUATION In each of the experiments we can now successfully say that terminal velocity was there at some point or the other. The question posed how factors like the surface area, mass of the object and length of the string affects the parachute in reaching a terminal velocity and we can say that all of these factors have an effect in reaching zero acceleration. When the length of the string was greater than terminal velocity was seen very quick and when you would increase the height of drop of the parachute also terminal velocity will be successfully reached. The air resistance depends on the height of drop and the speed at which the parachute travels. But as the height of drop, length of the string and mass of the object was not big with greater values there was a lower terminal velocity seen. In the first experiment we noticed that speed changes as we change the mass of the object. So we can say that terminal velocity is affected when we change the weight. According to Newtons Second law, the force of gravity is proportional to mass under free fall. So, F = mg where g is the acceleration due to gravity directed downwards When terminal velocity is reached mg = drag force of the object If we assume this drag force to be the same, when the mass of the object increases then terminal velocity also increases to correspond to the increase in force. In the experiment when the mass of the object hanged to the parachute was more the terminal velocity was reached at a faster rate than object with a lighter mass because in this case the drag force of the object equaled mg more quickly. But one thing noticed in this experiment was that the parachute traveled at a faster rate not only because of the weight but also due to the surface area. The object with mass 50 grams had a greater surface area due to which the terminal velocity resulted to be low. When the weight of 100g was measured the surface area was comparatively low due to which the terminal velocity was higher. The greater weight increases the terminal velocity by acting as an extra force against gravity and air resistance. In the case of different heights we noticed that when we increase the height of drop then naturally the speed would increase and hence terminal velocity would be reached. For the experiment I performed, the last trial when the parachute was dropped at a height of 350 m the recorded time was 2.75 seconds. At a time of approx. 1.80 seconds terminal velocity was reached because as mentioned above this was the time when the drag force was equal to mg. However as the height gets lower the terminal velocity would decrease. Under gravity an object falls at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 which tells us that per second that the parachute falls its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s2. When the parachute is falling form a higher distance(350m) it will have more time to speed up which will result in a higher terminal velocity. It was clear that when the best length string was that of 80cm. The larger the size of the length of the string was the greater was drag force and hence faster it equaled the other forces. When the string had a greater length the parachute was more spread out. The open parachute lets the air resistance to increase. If the length of the strings are short then less air will enter the parachute which would lower the parachutes drag force or resistance ERRORS In each of the experiments there were difficulties faced and one of the main ones was the force of wind. For some of the readings taken the wind speed increased so much that it changed the direction of the parachute. Even though direction does not have any effect on a parachute reaching terminal velocity most of the times but at some cases this change of direction can increase or decrease the speed of the parachute. In one of the readings taken for the change in the length of the string the parachute at the beginning travelled at a decent treat but all of a sudden it changed directions and was falling down vertically. This case happened when the length of the string was short (30cm) also in one of the readings taken for the same experiment of length 40cm the parachute collapsed in no time. Another difficulty that was encountered in all of the experiments was that the region of drop of the parachutes (540cm) there was a lot of wind because of which the parachutes would get blown away at times resulting a significant error in some of the readings taken. There were a few human errors in the experiment for example the height of drop was not constant for the experiments. For each of the readings we took a rough value after first measuring what 540cm was. This could result in the time going a few seconds up or down. These changes dint allows the calculations to be accurate for the average velocity. Another error I encountered was the mass of the object hung to the parachute. I assumed the mass of 100 grams to be a good one for this experiment but instead it increases the acceleration of the parachute which dint allow the parachute to open well so to create and upward force and hence reach terminal velocity. When the parachutes length was 30 and 40 cm terminal velocity was not reached because the parachute reached the ground before so the air resistance was not there. IMPROVEMENTS We could improve on the results by performing the experiment when there was very less wind as that would not then affect the height of drop (540cm). Another thing we could do is that of adding nets to the parachute in order to see how much of air is blocked in the material which affects the velocity at which the parachute travels. This results in the experiment to be more precise as only the part when the parachute reaches terminal velocity will be measured. I could perform the experiment at various high lengths which would result in more readings where terminal velocity will be reached because when the length of the string was 30 and 40cm there was no constant acceleration sees as the parachute hit the ground as a fast rate. CONCLUSION The aim of the experiment was to see how various factors affect the terminal velocity of a parachute and my results were such that the heavier mass, larger length and greater height were more prone to reach terminal velocity. The graph had constant acceleration toward the higher region which proved our hypothesis. In each of the experiments when drag force equaled mg at a faster rate, there was constant acceleration seen quickly. But we should know that in reality terminal velocity is not very well defined because external factors such as air density, constant gravity and wind keep changing with time and will have an effect on the experiments we perform. For example in the experiment where the height of drop was changed the factors mentioned above will change with height due to which the terminal velocity also changes. More or less the results obtained were quite accurate and has a good scope for others to keep researching on this topic

Nuclear Power Plant :: essays research papers

New form of Energy for Capetown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capetown is considered to be the largest city in South Africa, having a population of over 2,727,000 inhabits. The energy form used in Capetown at the moment, is Gas Turbine, wich provides most of the city ´s electricity. The use of electricity in Capetown is very low compared to western countries, for example there is only one TV for almost ten people, the energy consumption per inhabit a year is about 4000 kWh, wich is 2550 kWh less than the energy consumption per inhabit a year in Paris, France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our plan is to built the most effective, cheap also inviromentaly friendliest way to produce energy for the 1 575 000 inhabits of Capetown, we came to the solution: BUILT A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT. ? Picture of Loviisa, Nuclear power plant We explain our solution by the following facts: ? If we built other forms of plants we would need:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal power plants or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hydro power plants or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas turbine power plants or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  173  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solar power plants or   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4792  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wind power plants. but we only need one nuclear power plant to provide enough electricity for 1 575 000 people. Inviromental facts that concerned us:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A nuclear power plant may sound nasty and dangerous, from the naturistic point of view, but that is not a fact. A very good example of this is, the amount of fuel that a 900 MW nuclear power plant needs, wich is about one van of uranium per year, but a coal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  power plant with same capacity needs about 140 tons of coal per hour, and it also polutes the air by carbon dioxide wich is released when coal’s stored energy is been transformed into heat energy. The carbon dioxide wich is been released in the prosess causes greenhouse effect, wich is the main cause of increased temperature of world. A hydro power plant does not need fuel, but it polutes the sights of a beautiful current river, because of it size, sometimes whole villages have to be moved from the reservoir area, it also effects the biosystem of both up-and down stream for quite a long distance from the location of the dam. A wind power plant is a good solution but it needs space, ev en one turbine needs about 100x100m space to work properly, if a malfunction appears in the turbine, it can fall down or the blades might break, and fly for thousands of meters. The industry producing the turbines polutes the inviroment, The turbines also cause some problems in TV and radio links.

Hector Beverages

Marks, Manna, Jamming Kola Kathy, Oakum, Googolplex aka Pain, Mil aka Amman and Clearer, was launched last year with the theme of home made Indian healthy drinks/ Hector Beverages Pet. Ltd. , is a disruptive entrant to the industry with the aim to change this. Priced at RSI 30 for a mall pack, thanks to its innovative packaging and low overheads, the drink is trying to create a space for itself with the customers of different category. As of now, Distribution channel for selling paperboard is direct sales in MAT market and Distributor model in GET market. So, there is no particular distribution channel for Samos. The broad objective of the Short term project Hector Beverages Pet. Ltd. Is to suggest different segments of retail stores where paper boat's presence can be created to increase its sales.The major objectives of this project were 1) As a new beverage company known for wide product portfolio Hector gave the task of Segmentation of retail channels in the Oneida region of NCR a nd developing a go-to market strategy for increasing penetration in this area. 2) Developing database of different stand-alone modern trade stores , traditional read stores and other outlets in Oneida 3) Analyses of various areas of Oneida and its stores 4) During the course of the project covered 80+ outlets in Oneida and recommended 30 outlets along with appropriate the sales promotions strategy. For this we started with the process of segmentation of the stores on the basis of various parameters.The first one being the target group , and we defined the target group based in the interviews we had with the retailers and customers in the Oneida region. Target group : Based on our interviews with the retailers in Oneida region we cached a basic sketch of the typical customers of paper boat in this region. Age: 17 College goers and first Jobbers , people who like to try new beverages and flavors. These people are more health conscious than soda guzzling consumers. One reason is the fa ct that they are out everyday and mostly consume at least one beverage outside the house, either with a meal or Just hanging out with friends over conversation. Hence, these people also look for variety as they are tired of having the same flavors overtime.The most preferred flavors that unanimously all retailers aid sold the most were Am Rasa , Am pain and Clearer. Segmentation : on the basis of presence of target Audience in the vicinity. 1) Perfect Fit – Places where the entire customer base fits into the target group of paper boat. These places have a lot of potential to help increase sales tremendously. College canteens – ASS College , Jayvee college , ABBES college Amity Office cafeterias – -arcs , park , Barclay These stores are visited daily by the same customers and the frequency with which these customers buy beverages is very high, almost one everyday. Hence , these are he best places to reach to our target group.Not only should these places be tapped and paper boat's presence should be made paper boat can be placed and since the customers visit everyday they are likely to try new flavors and get hooked to them ultimately. Sales in these places will ultimately results into popularizing the flavors through word of mouth and customers will start eventually buying paper boar not Just for themselves but to take back home , for family and friends. 2) Almost there – Places where at least 70 percent of the customer base fits into the target group. These are places not inside the institutes and offices but around them. The retail store that most of the college shops from outside , the street snack store that every one goes to once in a while.This would include at least 40 street vendors outside offices park , Barclay in areas like sec 62, 63,58 . 3) Will get there – Places where at least 50% of the customer base fits into the target group. These include both retail stores and eateries . Eateries and coffee shops like those in Oneida , Apparatus and sec 25 which offer a wide variety of food and and the customers usually like it to be accompanied with a average. Matthias shops which serve light snacks like Samos and other Indian variants of it , also fall in the same category. So do the bakeries . All these places , along with the food do sell some beverages and their sales are huge. Paper boat should benefit highly from being present in these places.Another category here are the retails stores in the areas which are frequented by our target group like the ones in B block market of sector 62 , TOT mall , Sector 25 market. Also kiosks on the metro stations – cafe buddy come under the same category. 4) Get in the house This refers to the Modern trade stores. This is not for our target group specifically , this is the route to get into customers home and achieve a status of being on the shopper's list. Big bazaar in sec 18 , Spencer and easy day would all fall in this category. Segmentation : on th e basis of sales This will help us Judge the potential a particular place/segment has to increase the sales of paperboard. To get the Judgment right we have categorized stores into three stores.To understand the potential that the store might have paperboard we have marked the stores on the basis if the sales of coco cola since that is one beverage each one of Hess stores stocked and no other beverage was uniformly present in all the stores. Total coco cola sales will help us understand the amount of sales that can be generated for a beverage in these stores and paper boor needs presence in these stores to take a share of those sales . On these basis we have distributed the stores in to three categories 1) High 2) Medium 3) Low The names are self explanatory and depend entirely on the sales volume of coca cola from these stores. All stores are marked on the high medium low scales in the excel , so please refer to the excel to get a better understanding of the individual store status .

Fast Food America Essay

Fast food has become a major phenomenon here in America. According to Eric Schlosser, he writes in the New York Times, on average $301,369,863 is spent a day on fast food. As Schlosser shows, American people are abusing fast food. In accordance with fast food binging, obesity has become a widespread epidemic. According to Joseph Mercola M. D. , on a personal website states obesity is, â€Å"A chronic condition that develops as a result of an interaction between a person’s genetic makeup and their environment. † Here Dr. Mercola expresses how obesity is directly related to an individual’s environment. Today it is not uncommon to find major fast food chains with in a short distance from residential areas. With so many choices for fast food, Americans turn to the fast food as an alternative to the healthy home cooked meal. The reason for so many Americans eating out is simply because they are in a hurry or unable to cook and just want something fast and easy. A majority of these people get into the habit of constantly eating at these fast food chains. According to Morgan Spurlock, in his documentary Super Size Me, he quotes Elliot Bloom, a young marketing wiz for Taco Bell, â€Å"The fast food chains were sustained by a large group of diners who ate out more than twenty times a month. A big chunk of this group, about 30% of customers, were considered to be â€Å"heavy users† and accountable for bringing in a whopping 70% of total revenue. † These numbers show how important fast food has become to Americans daily eating habits, and further demonstrates the connection between fast food eating and the increases in obesity. Accordingly, excessive amounts of fast food can be very damaging to ones body, and there is proof to back up this claim. Director Morgan Spurlock, set out to document a strictly fast food diet, â€Å"I am trying to prove, fast food makes someone fat. † Spurlock closely documented his thirty-day McDonalds binge, eating only foods and beverages served at the one of the many â€Å"Golden Arches. † Over the thirty-days, he underwent some amazing conditions that even the doctors and health care professionals could not have predicted. Besides the usual changes which included skyrocketing cholesterol and a major increase in body fat, his liver was showing signs similar to that of a smoker. Though the symptoms that Spurlock experienced were on a very drastic scale, this is what is slowly damaging many Americans who are unable to control their fast food cravings. Research has shown the severity of obesity since the late 1980’s, and the studies show the common health problems related with obesity are Type 2 Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, and Osteoarthritis. However, little is known publicly about the dangers of obesity, and the future repercussions if obesity. According to Nanci Hellmich, writing in the USA Today, she states that, â€Å"Overall, employers and privately insured families spent approximately $36. 5 billion on obesity-linked illnesses in 2002, up from an inflation-adjusted $3. 6 billion in 1987. † Hellmich’s statistics show a tenfold increase in obesity spending over a span of fifteen years. If obesity continues to increase at this rate, in the future obesity may become the deadliest disease in America. Hellmich goes on to say, â€Å"On average, treating an obese person cost $1,244 more in 2002 than treating a healthy-weight person did. In 1987, the gap was $272. † As Hellmich shows in her quote, there exist a connection between obesity and increasing health care cost. Since the majority of Americans pay for health care, the epidemic spreads beyond those affected directly, and raises prices for the healthy Americans too. Hellmich shows there is a cause for concern, simply because obesity has predominately increased over the past two decades. The problem starts with the media which influences Americans eating habits on a daily basis. Today Americans have numerous choices in fast food as compared to five to ten years ago. As well as more commercials there exists the convenience of eating fast food. Within minutes, fast food is ready to serve at most fast food restaurants, and for relatively cheap. Besides the fact food preparation is fast, every year thousands of commercials can be seen on TV. According to Spurlock, on average a single person watches about 10,000 different commercials per year, most of them being junk or fast food products. These influential commercials broadcast smart slogans and offer cheap food to attract customers. In a recent survey, at the Brea Mall Food Court, when asked if they ate on a daily basis, 28 % of males said yes, while 25% of women said they too ate out daily. A surprising portion of people, 30% said they enjoyed the taste and quality, while majority about 46% said there was no time to cook at home because of work or hectic schedules. With so many great food specials and a plethora of commercials, its no wonder Americans turn to fast food for meals. Fast food is practical, quick, and reasonably cheap, though unhealthy many seem to no care. The first signs of concern came in 2003 when legislation was passed by Congress to help to slow obesity among children. The new law banned all junk foods from public schools and enforced new cafeteria food requirements. Robert Colin Carter a medical researcher from the John Hopkins School of Medicine showed that the meals served prior to changes by school cafeteria’s exceeded the newly established limits for total and saturated fats, set by the National School Lunch Program and National School Breakfast Program. Here Carter shows the importance for the legislation, as well as exposing children to healthier foods. In a recent interview, with Sonya Dravenstatt, a School Nutrionist, she stated, â€Å"The new menu now consists of vegetables, low calorie pizzas, and salads. The unhealthy items such as Tatter-tots and French Fries have been substituted with corn, green beans, and fruit cocktail. † As Mrs. Dravenstatt mentioned, the meals are better for the students and follow the limits recently established by NSLP and NSBP. As well as healthier foods in cafeterias, there has been a fairly recent ban of â€Å"unhealthy† foods and drinks in public school vending machines. The soda selection has been exchanged with Dasani water, Minute Maid Juices, and various PowerAde flavors. As for food, all candy and snacks high in fat and sugar have been replaced with healthy low fat alternatives. As well as the changes Spurlock noted in his documentary, there has also been recent public out cry for fast food restaurants to create healthier portions. â€Å"In 2004 McDonald’s forever banished their Super Sized soft drinks and fries, and in 2005 Arby’s abolished their Giant Size offerings. While removing these bigger portions from the menu, food chains like McDonald’s now offer healthier portions and substitutions. For example french fries can be replaced with a side of apple slices or mini salad and instead of soda a variety of juices are offered† (Spurlock). These healthier changes need to be continued due to the fact fast food is a major contributor to obesity. However, the change must begin with the consumers. The numbers show that people are dining out too often and it is affecting their physical health. Since a majority of Americans are either unaware or uninformed on how to prevent obesity, the solution should be enforced by the Government. By issuing a plan of action for fast food companies, a majority of unhealthy food can be exchanged with healthier portions. If the Government passed legislation subjecting fast food chains to restrictions on what consumers can purchase, maybe then fast food consumption could help the obesity epidemic. Fast food companies need to abide by nutrition laws, in the same way schools do, to protect naive consumers. The creation of a program could strictly regulate the unhealthy content commonly found in fast food. A program with capabilities to regulate big corps such as McDonalds, Taco Bell, and Kentucky Fried Chicken would be a major success in terms of stopping the widespread disease. Americans need to wake up and face the facts. Consumers must take the initiative to learn the facts on healthy dieting. The problem needs to be dealt with now, and not in the future. Obesity is affecting millions of Americans each year and is a major threat to American children’s future health. If parents and children are not held accountable now, obesity will continue to shorten lives and cost billions of dollars in health care. Hellmich, Nanci. â€Å"Health Spending Soars for Obesity. † USA Today on the Web 26 June. 2005. 18 Oct. 2005 < http://www. usatoday. com/news/health/2005-06-26-health-spending-obesity_x. htm> Mercola, Dr. Joseph. Home page. 2005. 18 Oct. 2005. Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"Fast Food Nation, The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. † New York Times on the Web 2000. 18 Oct. 2005.